Abstract
Modern societies depend strongly on electronic and electric equipment (EEE) which has a side effect result on the large production of electronic wastes (e-waste). This has been regarded as a worldwide issue, because of its environmental impact—namely due to non-adequate treatment and storage limitations. In particular, EEE is dependent on the availability of rare earth elements (REEs), considered as the “vitamins” of modern industry, due to their crucial role in the development of new cutting-edge technologies. High demand and limited resources of REEs in Europe, combined with potential environmental problems, enforce the development of innovative low-cost techniques and materials to recover these elements from e-waste and wastewaters. In this context, sorption methods have shown advantages to pre-concentrate REEs from wastewaters and several studies have reported the use of diverse nanomaterials for these purposes, although mostly describing the sorption of REEs from synthetic and mono-elemental solutions at unrealistic metal concentrations. This review is a one-stop-reference by bringing together recent research works in the scope of the application of carbon nanomaterials for the recovery of REEs from water.
Highlights
Emerging key technologies related namely to renewable energy, energy efficiency, electronics, and aerospace industries, have an important role in the current socio-economic
The material with the highest maximum adsorption capacity of rare earth elements (REEs) reported in the literature was oxygen and phosphorus functionalized nanoporous carbon with 335.5 mg/g and 344.6 mg/g achieved of Nd and Dy, respectively, at pH 6.1 and 6.6 in multi-elemental solution [121]
Electronic devices become obsolete too quickly generating great amounts of e-waste annually, creating the need for a strategy to deal with this type of waste material. the incorrect treatment and storage of e-waste can cause serious damage to the environment with a result of REEs or even more toxic metals in aquatic environments
Summary
Emerging key technologies related namely to renewable energy, energy efficiency, electronics, and aerospace industries, have an important role in the current socio-economic. Pursuing solutions to support the transition towards a sustainable lifestyle is crucial In this context, the increasing use of raw material containing the designated technology-critical elements (TCEs) and the environmental impacts derived from mining to end-of-life waste products are of common concern. The extraction of TCEs from ores involves large energy costs and has potential environmental risks because of the chemicals used during mining and extraction operations [2]. The luminescence of Lns and their compounds has been applied for a number of technological applications, that results from electronic transitions occurring within the f shell, which is well shielded inside the atom and less sensitive to the local environment. Industrial Applications of Rare Earth Elements In order to provide the expected increasing demand, new projects may occur for exploring and mininTgabolreess1caonndta2inliisntgthReEaEpsp. Industrial Applications of Rare Earth Elements In order to provide the expected increasing demand, new projects may occur for exploring and mininTgabolreess1caonndta2inliisntgthReEaEpsp. lTichaetsioeneolefmReEnEtss iunsiunadlluystarriaelpdroemseanitnsa.t Ionxtihdee,casitleigcaotreyaonfdLRpEhEossp, Lhaaties mmianienrlaylsu,sesducihn flausidapcraatcitkei,ngmcoantaazlyitsets o(FrCxCe)naontidmbea, ttbearsietns;aietsiisteanainmdpopretraonvtseklietems.enMt ionnhayzibtreidacnadr bbaasttneraieessi,tseinarce athcetsmasaianhmydinroergaelns aobf sLoRrbEeErsinanrdecxheanrgoetiambeleibsatthtermiesai[n22s]o;uthrceemfoarinHaRpEpEliscantaiomneolyf CYe, Disyi,nHpoo,lEisrh, iTnmg,, aYlbthaonudghLuC[e21is]. used in catalytic converters for automobiles (up to 30%), glass and Tmheetalullmurignye,sacenndceshoofwLsnsaasntrdotnhgeiarfficonmitypofuorndeslehmaesnbteselnikaeppphlioesdpfhoorrausn,ummabkeirnogfttheecmhnosuloitgaibcalel aapspwliacatetiropnsu,ritfihearts;rePsrulitss ufsreodminelmecatrgonneitcs tarnandsiptihoonssphooccrus;rraindg twhiethNind thhieghfesht ealpl,pwlichaitcihonisarweeilnl smhaieglndeetds. iInnsiaddeditthioena, tboomth aLnadanledsCs eseanctsiatsivsetatboilitzheersloincaclateanlyvtiircocnommepnotu. nAdss,ssuucchh, afsorineoaiclhreLfinn,ertihees. lIunmthineecsacteengcoeryspoefcMtraREaEpsp,eGard whaitsha cwhiadreacrtaenrigsetiocfsahpaprplicbaatinodnss tshhaatringclustdreonagppsliimcaitliaornitsieisn wmiatghntehtes, rmeseptaelcltuivrgeysapnedctrpuhmospofhothrseinfrdeuesitorine.s;FSumrthiserwmiodreel,y tuhseedluimn imneasgcneentcsealnifdetEimu eins pohf olaspnhthoarnsobiedcsauarsee toyfpiitcsalelxycewlleitnhtinlumthienemsciellnistepcoignmd etnimt per-oscpaelret,iews.hiFcihnailsly,suinpethrieorcatoegothroysoef oHbRseErEvse,dTbfoirs oursgeadninc fmluaogrnoepthsoarneds,pwhhoiscphhmorigs,hEt rbiesuaspepfulilefdorintipmheo-sgpahteomr aonnditogrlainsgs ianpdpulisctaryti,oannsd[2th5,e26Y].isTuheselduminincersacemnicces oafnLdnp3h+ ocaspnhboersu.sAedlthinouagwhigdeenveararilelytyuosfedpriancstmicaalllaqpupalinctaitieosn,sthaelsyoabrecnaounsetihtecloesvseerssaenlatriagleeslepmecetnratsl wininsudcohwfudnepcteinodnianlgdoevnitchees Landutsheed,tefrcohmnotlhoegUicVal (dGedm3+a)n, tdhrfour gthhetsheeevleismibelnetbslwueil(lTtemn3d+),togrienecnre(aTsbe3+i)n, othraenfguetu(rSem. [32+)0a,2n2d].red (Eu3+), to the near infrared (NIR) (Pr3+, Nd3+, Er3+ and Yb3+) [25,26]
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