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Abstract
The production of olive oil and wine are two of the main agri-food economic activities in Southern Europe. They generate large amounts of solid and liquid wastes (e.g., olive pomace, olive mill wastewater, grape pomace, grape stems, wine lees, and wine processing wastewater) that represent a major environmental problem. Consequently, the management of these residues has become a big challenge for these industries, since they are harmful to the environment but rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols. In recent years, the recovery of phenolic compounds has been proposed as a smart strategy for the valorization of these by-products, from a circular economy perspective. This review aims to provide a comprehensive description of the state of the art of techniques available for the analysis, extraction, and purification of polyphenols from the olive mill and winery residues. Thus, the integration and implementation of these techniques could provide a sustainable solution to the olive oil and winery sectors.
Highlights
Agri-food industries bring about a large amount of waste
This review aims to provide a comprehensive description of the state of the art of techniques available for the analysis, extraction, and purification of polyphenols from the olive mill and winery residues
It is estimated that around 90 million tons of food waste are generated in the European Union each year, which constitutes a serious problem for the environment [1]
Summary
Agri-food industries bring about a large amount of waste. It is estimated that around 90 million tons of food waste are generated in the European Union each year, which constitutes a serious problem for the environment [1]. It is well known that agri-food waste and by-products can be sources of valuable compounds, such as polyphenols, with relevant functional biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, or anticholesterol [2,3,4]. Bioeconomy covers the production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and wastes into value-added products, maintaining the value of products and materials for as long as possible while minimizing the use of resources and the generation of wastes [5]. In the bottom part of the pyramid of biomass (see Figure 1) the most common application can be found, i.e., the use of biomass as an energy source, which has the lowest priority since it provides the lowest value (15–40 €/ton). In the top part, the biomass used in pharmacy and cosmetics could result in products that have associated the highest values (e.g., 10,000–20,000 €/kg). Food and feed find the second and third place respectively, and chemicals are in the fourth position [5]
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