Abstract
In this chapter the relevance of microalgae-based processes for the recovery of nutrients contained in wastewaters is reviewed. The fundamentals of the process are discussed from the biological and engineering standpoints and it is shown that on this type of processes the nutrient recovery capacity is mainly a function of solar radiation availability. If adequately designed and operated up to 450 tCO2, 25 tN and 2.5 tP per hectare and per year can be fixed, producing up to 200 t/year of valuable microalgae biomass. The utilization of microalgae-based processes reduces to half the energy consumption of conventional wastewater treatment and allows recovering up to 90% of the nutrients contained into wastewater. Still the technology available (photobioreactors, harvesting, downstream) must be improved to reduce the land requirement and the hydraulic retention time, but current technology is ready to be demonstrated at large scale, so that the first initial facilities based on this technology have been recently developed. Moreover, this technology must be adapted to the different wastewater types, from sewage to manure. The major advantage of microalgae-based processes is the production of large amounts of valuable biomass, useful for the production of biofuels but much more interesting for animal feeding and agriculture uses, thus enhancing the productivity and sustainability of foods production.
Highlights
Microalgae have been proposed for a wide range of applications, such as the production of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, the production of biofuels, and depuration processes to carry out the treatment of effluents as flue gases and wastewater (Spolaore et al, 2006; Acién Fernández et al, 2012b)
Using only microalgae for feeding in aquaculture is not possible due to the enormous size of this market compared to the current microalgae production capacity, but it has been widely reported that the inclusion of 1–10% of microalgae biomass in the Aquafeed greatly improves the quality of feed and the final health of animals produced
Coupling microalgae production with wastewater treatment has a large impact in the reduction of treatment cost and the increase of sustainability of wastewater treatment processes, treatment cost reducing to half and sustainability increasing by reduction of energy requirement and greenhouse gases emissions
Summary
Francisco Gabriel Acién Fernández*, Cintia Gómez-Serrano and José María Fernández-Sevilla. Still the technology available (photobioreactors, harvesting, downstream) must be improved to reduce the land requirement and the hydraulic retention time, but current technology is ready to be demonstrated at large scale, so that the first initial facilities based on this technology have been recently developed. This technology must be adapted to the different wastewater types, from sewage to manure. The major advantage of microalgae-based processes is the production of large amounts of valuable biomass, useful for the production of biofuels but much more interesting for animal feeding and agriculture uses, enhancing the productivity and sustainability of foods production
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