Recovery of kiwifruit vines from transient waterlogging of the root system.

Abstract

The extent to which kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) recovered from transient waterlogging of the root system was determined under controlled conditions. Vines were waterlogged for periods varying from 1 to 7 days. The effects of decreasing concentrations of oxygen in the root zone on growth of the vine were rapid with substantial reductions occurring after being exposed to oxygen concentrations in the surrounding water of less than 0.125 mmol l1 for as little as 1 day. There was no evidence of recovery of growth once aeration was restored to the roots, except for the appearance of new roots at the base of the stems of vines that had been waterlogged for less than 5 days. The quantity of new roots grown was inversely related to the time of waterlogging. Although new roots were also found on the control vines, the quantities involved were very much less than for the vines stressed for up to 4 days. No new roots were found for vines waterlogged for more than 4 days. The substantial loss of dry weight of roots of vines waterlogged for more than 3 days was due in part to a lack of growth and to a physical loss of root tissue. The loss of tissue resulted from the detachment of the cortex from the central stele through the dissolution of an entire layer of cortical cells which, in the control vines, were filled with starch. A microscopic examination of the cells of the root from waterlogged vines showed the cortical cells to be generally distorted with much of the intercellular material missing. The closure of the stomata within 2-3 h of the roots being waterlogged and the rapid desiccation of the leaves that followed the closure, was consistent with earlier findings with kiwifruit vines. Some recovery of stomata activity occurred for vines that had been waterlogged for less than 4 days once the oxygen supply to the root was restored. For vines that had their roots submerged for only 1 day, stomatal activity was fully restored 3 days after the vines were removed from the water. In contrast, there was no recovery of stomatal activity for vines that had been waterlogged for more than 3 days. A feature of stomatal behaviour that was not related to the effects of oxygen stress was the cyclic pattern which developed. Each cycle repeated itself every 4-6 days and consisted of a period of high stomatal conductance followed by a sharp decline to a much lower level. A highly significant negative relationship was found between the level of photosynthetically active radiation and stomatal behaviour. It was concluded that the speed with which the roots die and the associated damage to the leaves under anoxic conditions greatly limits the ability of kiwifruit vines to resume growth once oxygen supply to the root has been restored.