Abstract
Quite different from the Canadian oil sands in oil content/composition, mineral composition, and particle size distribution, the carbonate Indonesian asphalt rocks (oil-wetted) are proven to be poorly extracted by the commercial hot-water-based extraction (7.8% bitumen recovery at 50 °C and pH 9.0). Great enhancement was obtained using multi-staged solvent extraction with four typical solvents (i.e., toluene, n-heptane, n-hexane, and cyclohexane), resulting in a cumulative bitumen recovery up to 98% at ambient conditions. After the extraction, a systematical particle sedimentation test has been conducted in the non-aqueous phase. It is found that there are oil-phase and consolidated zone with only one clear solid–liquid interface appearing in the toluene and cyclohexane solutions with high bitumen during the carbonate particle sedimentation. However, an extra “settling zone” appeared between the oil-phase and consolidated zone in n-heptane and n-hexane solutions, resulting in the appearance of two solid–l...
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