Abstract
Essential plant nutrients contained in residues and wastes generated during biofuel processing can be recovered for further production of bioenergy biomass. The objective of this study was to determine the relative agronomic efficiency of “processed” biofuel residual (PBR). Liquid biofuel residual was “processed” by precipitating phosphate and ammonium in the residual with magnesium into a struvite-like material. Then, in a series of greenhouse experiments, we evaluated the fertility potential of PBR, using sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), as a test bioenergy crop. We compared the agronomic effectiveness of PBR to inorganic commercial fertilizers, biosolids, and poultry manure as nutrient sources. The sources were either applied alone or in combination with supplemental essential plant nutrients (S, K, Mg, and micronutrients). In each of the greenhouse experiments, the crop was grown for 12 wk on soil of minimal native fertility. After each harvest, sufficient water was applied to the soil in each pot over a 6-wk period to yield ~2 L (~one pore volume) of leachate to assess potential total N and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) losses. Dry matter yields from the PBR treatment applied alone were significantly greater than yields from inorganic fertilizers, biosolids, and poultry manure treatments applied alone, and similar to yields obtained when the supplemental essential plant nutrients were added to the inorganic fertilizer, biosolids, and manure treatments. Leachate N and SRP concentrations from the PBR treatment were significantly lower than in the treatments with inorganic fertilizers, poultry manure, and biosolids. We conclude that PBR can substitute for inorganic fertilizers and other organic sources of plant nutrients to produce bioenergy biomass cheaply, without causing offsite N and P losses in vulnerable soils.
Highlights
Growing environmental and economic concerns over use of fossil fuels have prompted the search for alternative fuels, including biofuels such as ethanol
Dry matter yields from the processed” biofuel residual (PBR) treatment applied alone were significantly greater than yields from inorganic fertilizers, biosolids, and poultry manure treatments applied alone, and similar to yields obtained when the supplemental essential plant nutrients were added to the inorganic fertilizer, biosolids, and manure treatments
Electrical conductivity of PBR was well below the reported critical electrical conductivity (EC) value of 4 dS·m−1 associated with reduced plant growth caused by soil salinity [39]
Summary
Growing environmental and economic concerns over use of fossil fuels have prompted the search for alternative fuels, including biofuels such as ethanol. Environmental-friendly energy source produced through fermentation of the constituent sugars of biomass, and can either be used as mixtures with conventional gasoline fuels or as a sole fuel source [1]. Switching from fossil fuel to biofuel to power vehicular engines will reduce carcinogenic air toxics, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons that contribute to smog and ozone formation [1]. Despite the ecological gains attributed to biofuel use, a major obstacle to its widespread use is the increased expense over conventional vehicular fuel [2]. Recycling the residues and wastes generated during biofuel processing for subsequent biomass production can potentially reduce the increased expense
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