Abstract
Lithium ion batteries are commonly used as power sources for mobile phone, but by using it continually will degrade their capabilities. Battery replacements will cause a lot of waste in environment. Spent lithium ion batteries cathode contain heavy metals, such as cobalt and nickel. However it is also included as valuable metals thus recovery process is necessary. In this research, hydrometallurgical leaching process has been done for recovery of cobalt and nickel from spent lithium ion batteries using citric acid as a leaching agent by varying citric acid concentration (0.5-1 M), reaction temperature (50-80) and reaction time (5-20 minutes). The spent lithium ion batteries were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The result showed that the leaching of lithium ion batteries using citric acid was depend on citric acid concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time. Based on kinetics study, the leaching reaction of cobalt and nickel from cathode powder using citric acid was chemically controlled process and the activation energy of cobalt and nickel were 67.12 kJ/mole and 58.22 kJ/mole. The reaction order of leaching cobalt and nickel using citric acid was first-order reaction.
Highlights
Lithium ion batteries have been used as power source for mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles and many electronic devices because of their long storage life, high specific energy, high energy density and rechargeable [1]
The effect of citric acid concentration (0.5 M, 0.75 M, 1 M) and reaction time (5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min) has been done with solid/liquid ratio (20 g/L), reaction temperature (80 ) and a stirring speed (500 rpm). This step has been done to determine the effect of citric acid concentration on leaching reaction of cathode powder
The results of kinetics studies based on reaction temperature can be used to calculate the activation energy of Co and Ni metals by using the Arrhenius equation shown in eq (6) [25]:
Summary
Lithium ion batteries have been used as power source for mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles and many electronic devices because of their long storage life, high specific energy, high energy density and rechargeable [1]. Lithium ion batteries consist of 5-20% cobalt, 5-10% nickel, 5-7% lithium, 15% organic chemicals, and 7% plastics, depend on the manufacturing process [4]. Cobalt and nickel metals in lithium ion batteries are heavy metals which can pollute the environment. The common recycling processes to recover cobalt and nickel metals from spent lithium ion batteries are pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Shrinking core model is usually used to evaluated the leaching reaction [16]. The leaching kinetics were studied to determine the leaching kinetic model, the value of activation energy and the reaction order of leaching cobalt and nickel from spent lithium ion batteries
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