Recovery and the immune system

Abstract

Regular moderate-intensity physical activity with a duration that is less then 60 min is associated with enhanced immune competency and regulation. One of the most scientifically reproduced findings in exercise immunology is that exercise acutely increases circulating immune cell counts during and immediately after termination of an exercise bout. For instance, it has been reported that during vigorous aerobic exercise, peripheral blood lymphocyte frequency and functional capacity is increased. Subsequently, within a short time window (hours) following exercise, it has been demonstrated that peripheral blood lymphocyte frequency and functional capacity is decreased. Evidence demonstrated that this decreased lymphocyte frequency and function during the post-exercise period is a sign that the immune system is in a state of immune surveillance and immune regulation rather than immune suppression. The redeployment of effector lymphocytes is considered as an integral part of the physiological stress response to exercise. This chapter aims to summarise the evidence regarding the acute and chronic effects of different exercise modes and influencing factors (e.g., sleep, circadian rhythm, nutrition, active and passive recovery) on the immune regulation and to describe its association to the recovery process. These physiological findings will be integrated into current theories of immune metabolism and practical recommendations.