Abstract
Abstract Projected demands for lithium as LIB for the plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), electric (EV) and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicle in the recent future is huge and estimated to reach $221 billion by 2024. Currently, 35% of global lithium production being used for LIBs and consumption for estimated LIB demand could be 66% (out of global lithium production) by 2025. During last five (2011–2015) years, global lithium production is almost constant. At present, up to 3% of LIBs are recycled with the only focus of valuable metal recovery, but motivation on lithium recovery almost nonexistence. The global rate of lithium recycling is only
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