Abstract
American foulbrood is a dangerous disease of bee broods found worldwide, caused by the Paenibacillus larvae larvae L. bacterium. In an experiment, the possibility of detecting colonies of this bacterium on MYPGP substrates (which contains yeast extract, Mueller-Hinton broth, glucose, K2HPO4, sodium pyruvate, and agar) was tested using a prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of the MCA-8 sensor signal with a matrix of six semiconductors: TGS 823, TGS 826, TGS 832, TGS 2600, TGS 2602, and TGS 2603 from Figaro. Two twin prototypes of the MCA-8 measurement device, M1 and M2, were used in the study. Each prototype was attached to two laboratory test chambers: a wooden one and a polystyrene one. For the experiment, the strain used was P. l. larvae ATCC 9545, ERIC I. On MYPGP medium, often used for laboratory diagnosis of American foulbrood, this bacterium produces small, transparent, smooth, and shiny colonies. Gas samples from over culture media of one- and two-day-old foulbrood P. l. larvae (with no colonies visible to the naked eye) and from over culture media older than 2 days (with visible bacterial colonies) were examined. In addition, the air from empty chambers was tested. The measurement time was 20 min, including a 10-min testing exposure phase and a 10-min sensor regeneration phase. The results were analyzed in two variants: without baseline correction and with baseline correction. We tested 14 classifiers and found that a prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of the MCA-8 sensor signal was capable of detecting colonies of P. l. larvae on MYPGP substrate with a 97% efficiency and could distinguish between MYPGP substrates with 1–2 days of culture, and substrates with older cultures. The efficacy of copies of the prototypes M1 and M2 was shown to differ slightly. The weighted method with Canberra metrics (Canberra.811) and kNN with Canberra and Manhattan metrics (Canberra. 1nn and manhattan.1nn) proved to be the most effective classifiers.
Highlights
The question we addressed in this study was whether an electronic nose can detect the presence of American foulbrood (AFB)-causing bacteria
Observing the results of the manhattan.1nn method in configuration 23 vs. 24, we found that the M1 device in a polystyrene chamber produced satisfactory separability of both classes
In the case of the M2 device, we concluded that both classes were perfectly separable, and the M2 device achieved an excellent distinction between the MYPGP media with the culture of P. l
Summary
Semiconductor gas sensors (MOS) allow for the qualitative and quantitative identification of a gas or gas mixture due to the formation of a non-specific oxidation reaction of reducing gases adsorbed on the sensory layer. On this layer, resistance changes occur, which can be converted into digital information expressed in volts [1,2].The MOS are low-cost and readily available, work in real-time, and provide an immediate score. They show high sensitivity at the parts per million level. A set of semiconductor sensors was successfully applied as an electronic nose matrix that can recognize simple and complex odors [3,4]
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