Abstract
Aims: Feasibility study of accurate three lead ECG recording (Einthoven I, II and III) using an Apple Watch Series 4. Methods: In 50 healthy subjects (18 male; age: 40 ± 12 years) without known cardiac disorders, a 12-lead ECG and three bipolar ECGs, corresponding to Einthoven leads I, II and III were recorded using an Apple Watch Series 4. Einthoven I was recorded with the watch on the left wrist and the right index finger on the crown, Einthoven II with the watch on the left lower abdomen and the right index finger on the crown, Einthoven III with the watch on the left lower abdomen and the left index finger on the crown. Four experienced cardiologists were independently asked to assign the watch ECGs to Einthoven leads from 12-lead ECG for each subject. Results: All watch ECGs showed an adequate signal quality with 134 ECGs of good (89%) and 16 of moderate signal quality (11%). Ninety-one percent of all watch ECGs were assigned correctly to corresponding leads from 12-lead ECG. Thirty-nine subjects (78%) were assigned correctly by all cardiologists. All assignment errors occurred in patients with similar morphologies and amplitudes in at least two of the three recorded leads. Erroneous assignment of all watch ECGs to leads from standard ECG occurred in no patient. Conclusion: Recording of Einthoven leads I-III by a smartwatch is accurate and highly comparable to standard ECG. This might contribute to an earlier detection of cardiac disorders, which are associated with repolarization abnormalities or arrhythmias.
Highlights
Smartwatches or other smart medical devices show an enormous increasing use in Western countries
Recording of Einthoven leads I-III by a smartwatch is accurate and highly comparable to standard ECG. This might contribute to an earlier detection of cardiac disorders, which are associated with repolarization abnormalities or arrhythmias
The US version of the new Apple Watch Series 4 ® (Apple Inc, Cupertino, CA, USA) allows recording a single-lead ECG [7].The bipolar ECG-lead is derived by recording of the voltage difference over time between the right index finger and the left arm wrist and simulates Einthoven’s ECG lead I
Summary
Smartwatches or other smart medical devices show an enormous increasing use in Western countries. Older generations of smartwatches like the Apple Watch Series 3 ® (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) allow recording of pulse frequency and irregularities using photoplethysmography with LED lights and light-sensitive photodiodes located on the backside of the watch [1]. This tool seems to be useful in detection of arrhythmias with high sensitivity and specificity [2]. CA, USA) or MyDiagnostick (Applied Biomedical Systems BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands) for smartphones allow patient-activated recording of electrocardiograms, but carrying along the ECG device is required for ECG documentation [3,4,5,6].
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