Abstract
Bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy) resin nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation polymerization and used to modulate the microstructure of the BADCy resin matrix. A microscopic mechanism model was used to characterize the curing process of BADCy resin systems with different contents of the prepared nanoparticles. Due to the curing process of the thermosetting resin being analogous to the crystallization process of the polymer, the Avrami equation was used to analyze the microscopic mechanism of the curing process. The reactive functional groups, structure, and size of the prepared BADCy resin nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and TEM, respectively. The kinetic parameters of different systems were then obtained using the Avrami equation, and they adequately explained the microscopic mechanism of the curing process. The results showed that the Avrami equation effectively described the formation and growth of gel particles during the curing process of the BADCy resins. The addition of nanoparticles can affect the curing behavior and curing rate. Since the reaction between the BADCy resin nanoparticles and the matrix is dominant, the formation process of the gel particles was neglected. This phenomenon can be understood as the added BADCy resin nanoparticles replacing the formation of gel particles. The reasons for accelerated curing were analyzed from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics. Besides this, the Arrhenius equation for non-isothermal conditions correctly accounted for the change in the cross-linked mechanism in the late-stage curing process. A comparison of the theoretical prediction with the experimental data shows that the Avrami theory of phase change can simulate the curing kinetics of different BADCy resin systems well and explain the effects of BADCy resin nanoparticles on the formation of the microstructure.
Highlights
Cyanate ester (CE) resins are novel high-performance thermosetting resins similar to epoxy (EP)and bimaleimide (BMI) that have been developed in recent decades [1]
2 2ofof1515 or more -OCN functional groups which can form a highly symmetrical triazine ring structure after or more -OCN functional groups which can form a highly symmetrical triazine ring structure after the curing reaction [2]. It is the chemical nature of the CE monomers and the unique structure of the the curing reaction [2]. It is the chemical nature of the CE monomers and the unique structure of the cured resin that give rise to a series of properties, such as excellent mechanical properties, a high glass cured resin that give rise tolow a series of properties, such excellent mechanical properties, high glass transition temperature, contractibility rate, lowas water absorption, and ultralowa dielectric transition temperature, low contractibility rate, low water absorption, and ultralow dielectric constant constant and dielectric loss values [3,4,5,6]
The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra curves of the Bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy) monomer and BADCy resin nanoparticles are shown in Figure 3, from which the molecular structure characteristics of the BADCy monomer and BADCy resin nanoparticle were ascertained
Summary
Cyanate ester (CE) resins are novel high-performance thermosetting resins similar to epoxy (EP). The curing reaction of the resins was initiated and catalyzed by impurities in the monomer monomer or moisture in the environment. This process proceeds with difficulty when theor moisture environment. Active hydrogen containing compounds, such as phenols, amines, and imidazole, in concert with metal ions can catalyze the curing of CE resins [14]. Kamal both kinetic model considers both and the the autocatalytic behavior and the be n-stage reaction, and can beprocess used toof autocatalytic behavior n-stage reaction, and it can used to describe theitcuring describe the curing thermosetting resinsmodels precisely These models are limited thermosetting resins process preciselyof[26].
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