Reconstruction of the Facial Mimetic Muscles with Sub-Segmental Muscles Associated with Free Perforator Flaps

Abstract

Musculocutaneous losses in the lips and perilip region have been treated with local flaps or sensitive fasciocutaneous free flaps. However, these add scars on the face, increase morbidity by causing injury in nearby regions and the muscles involved, often lead to severe microstomy depending on which structures are affected, and extension of the lesions or resultant cold lip. Faciocutaneous free flaps, such as antebrachial, scapular and parascapular flaps have been utilized for treatment of large losses.