Abstract
Engineering craniofacial bone tissues is challenging due to their complex structures. Current standard autografts and allografts have many drawbacks for craniofacial bone tissue reconstruction; including donor site morbidity and the ability to reinstate the aesthetic characteristics of the host tissue. To overcome these problems; tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies have been developed as a potential way to reconstruct damaged bone tissue. Different types of new biomaterials; including natural polymers; synthetic polymers and bioceramics; have emerged to treat these damaged craniofacial bone tissues in the form of injectable and non-injectable scaffolds; which are examined in this review. Injectable scaffolds can be considered a better approach to craniofacial tissue engineering as they can be inserted with minimally invasive surgery; thus protecting the aesthetic characteristics. In this review; we also focus on recent research innovations with different types of stem-cell sources harvested from oral tissue and growth factors used to develop craniofacial bone tissue-engineering strategies.
Highlights
Craniofacial bone tissue engineering becomes challenging due to the presence of complex physiological structures such as sensory transduction pathways and sophisticated tissue structures, including sensory organs, facial skeletal features, cartilage and blood vessels [1,2,3]
These bone grafts and scaffolds are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human use
Recent studies have started to focus on using injectable scaffolds as they can be inserted into the defect site with non-invasive surgery [26,71,73,84,98]
Summary
Craniofacial bone tissue engineering becomes challenging due to the presence of complex physiological structures such as sensory transduction pathways and sophisticated tissue structures, including sensory organs, facial skeletal features, cartilage and blood vessels [1,2,3]. Another report claims that more than 6% of a total of 1,600,000 bone grafts implanted annually are craniofacial bone grafts [8] According to this statistical data, it is clear that with the growth of population in the US, more cranial grafts will be required and the cost of cranial reconstruction will be higher. Various approaches to the treatment and restoration of craniofacial bone defects exist where the utilization of autografts and allografts are considered the best approach [11,12,13] These strategies are associated with their own drawbacks, including limited availability in case of autografts and potential immunogenic rejection when it comes to the utilization of allografts [14,15,16]. This review focuses on the various dental and craniofacial bone-tissue engineering approaches involving injectable and non-injectable scaffolds, concentrating in particular on novel injectable scaffolds
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