Abstract
The increasing efforts in developing smart city concepts are often coupled with three-dimensional (3D) modeling of envisioned designs. Such conceptual designs and planning are multi-disciplinary in their nature. Realistic implementations must include existing urban structures for proper planning. The development of a participatory planning and presentation platform has several challenges from scene reconstruction to high-performance visualization, while keeping the fidelity of the designs. This study proposes a framework for the integrated representation of existing urban structures in CityGML LoD2 combined with a future city model in LoD3. The study area is located in Sahinbey Municipality, Gaziantep, Turkey. Existing city parts and the terrain were reconstructed using high-resolution aerial images, and the future city was designed in a CAD (computer-aided design) environment with a high level of detail. The models were integrated through a high-resolution digital terrain model. Various 3D modeling approaches together with model textures and semantic data were implemented and compared. A number of performance tuning methods for efficient representation and visualization were also investigated. The study shows that, although the object diversity and the level of detail in the city models increase, automatic reconstruction, dynamic updating, and high-performance web-based visualization of the models remain challenging.
Highlights
The World Urbanization Prospects describe the future of population in urban areas, whereby more than half of the world population is living in cities [1]
Models coming from various sources can be integrated using widely accepted exchange formats, such as City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) and City JavaScript Object Notation (CityJSON)
The 3D city models of the three neighbor districts consisting of 1202 buildings were reconstructed semi-automatically in LoD2 using photogrammetric techniques and large-format aerial images
Summary
The World Urbanization Prospects describe the future of population in urban areas, whereby more than half of the world population is living in cities [1]. The efforts in tackling the problems that cause the reduction in life quality are increasingly discussed under the smart city concept, which provides alternative solutions to the traditional urban planning approaches using new technologies [3,4,5]. The three-dimensional (3D) GIS (geographical information system) with 3D models of urban structures (e.g., buildings, city furniture, plans, vegetation, infrastructure, etc.) provides the technological basis for the design and development of smart cities, which require site-specific design. The efforts toward the realization of 3D GIS involve accurate and detailed 3D modeling of objects with semantic attributes and high-performance visualization. Models coming from various sources can be integrated using widely accepted exchange formats, such as City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) and City JavaScript Object Notation (CityJSON). The exchange formats allow generating the models with semantic data
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