Reconstructing Bone with Natural Bone Graft: A Review of In Vivo Studies in Bone Defect Animal Model.

Yonggang Lv,Mengying Liu

doi:10.3390/nano8120999

Abstract

Bone defects caused by fracture, disease or congenital defect remains a medically important problem to be solved. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach by providing scaffolds to guide and support the treatment of bone defects. However, the autologous bone graft has many defects such as limited sources and long surgical procedures. Therefore, xenograft bone graft is considered as one of the best substitutions and has been effectively used in clinical practice. Due to better preserved natural bone structure, suitable mechanical properties, low immunogenicity, good osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity in natural bone graft, decellularized and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) scaffolds were selected and discussed in the present review. In vivo animal models provide a complex physiological environment for understanding and evaluating material properties and provide important reference data for clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to outline the in vivo bone regeneration and remodeling capabilities of decellularized and DBM scaffolds in bone defect models to better evaluate the potential of these two types of scaffolds in BTE. Taking into account the limitations of the state-of-the-art technology, the results of the animal bone defect model also provide important information for future design of natural bone composite scaffolds.

Highlights

Bone is an organ that plays a major role in supporting and protecting
Stancoven’s [61] conclusion indicated that demineralized bone matrix (DBM) alone significantly limits bone formation compared to other groups that incorporate with absorbable collagen sponge, recombinant human BMP-2, and exogenous parathyroid hormone. These results indicate that the use of DBM alone may not have an excellent in vivo repair decalcification exposes abundant osteogenic growth factors (BMPs, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), etc.) and extracellular matrices (ECMs) proteins
The results showed that natural bone graft can achieve endogenous cartilage formation, repair cartilage defects of 3 mm in diameter and meniscal defects, which demonstrated the potential as “off-the-shelf” implants to promote bone tissue regeneration. 3.2

Summary

Introduction

Bone is an organ that plays a major role in supporting and protecting. Mature bone tissue consists mainly of 20% cancellous bone and 80% compact bone [1]. The microenvironment with high porosity and high stiffness formed by natural bone plays the role of mechanical support, and facilitates the spread and adhesion of bone stromal cells on it and provides sites for the deposition of new bone matrix. The real potential for osteochondral regeneration of nanostructured collagen-hydroxyapatite (Col-HA) multilayer scaffold was assessed by Marcacci’s group [6]. A total of 100 patients affected by symptomatic chondral and osteochondral lesions were treated with the scaffolds up to 2 years. Patients affected by deep osteochondral lesions exhibited statistically significant better international knee documentation committee knee uation form (IKDC) subjective results after implantation of the Col-HA multilayer scaffold. Marcacci’s group highlighted the safety and potential of biomimetic implants in cartilage healing and osteochondral reconstruction and provided a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence [7,8,9]

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Discussion

Conclusion