Reconstituting the American Renaissance: Emerson, Whitman, and the politics of representation

Abstract

Challenging the standard periodization of American literary history, Reconstituting the American Renaissance reinterprets the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman and the relationship of these two authors to each other. Jay Grossman argues that issues of political representation-involving vexed questions of who shall speak and for whom-lie at the heart of American political and literary discourse from the Revolutionary era through the Civil War. By taking the mid-nineteenth century period, traditionally understood as marking the advent of literary writing in the United States, and restoring to it the ways in which Emerson and Whitman engaged with eighteenth-century controversies, rhetorics, and languages about political representation, Grossman departs significantly from arguments that have traditionally separated eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American writing. Reconstituting the American Renaissance describes how Emerson and Whitman came into the period of their greatest productivity with different conceptions of the functions and political efficacy of the word in the world. Grossman provides a new reading of the relationship between Emerson and Whitman, challenging Emerson's position as Whitman's necessary precursor, and offering a cultural history that emphasizes the two writers' differences in social class, cultural experience, and political perspective. In their writings between 1830 and 1855, the book finds contrasting conceptions of the relations between the representative man and the constituencies to whom, and for whom, he speaks. Reconstituting the American Renaissance opens up the previously sacrosanct relations between Emerson and Whitman and multiplies the historical and discursive contexts for understanding their published and unpublished canonical and noncanonical writings.