Abstract
The increasingly accepted notion that fascism was not merely reactionary but revolutionary, competing with Marxism, invites reassessment of Gramsci's interpretation of fascism. With his emphasis on the relative autonomy of political and cultural factors, Gramsci might have recognized the scope for a competing revolution, even if only the better to counter it. But though his initial analysis of the Italian revolutionary situation was almost proto-fascist in certain respects, he dismissed fascist claims to constitute an alternative revolution, and, partly as a result, he consistently underestimated fascism prior to 1926. After his imprisonment, however, he began seeking to devise the categories necessary to understand fascism's unanticipated triumph. Although he continued to sidestep aspects of the fascist challenge, his innovative way of analyzing fascism as a form of Caesarism, engaged in a war of attrition, enabled him to illuminate the peculiar combination of accomplishment, limitation and failure that characterized the fascist regime.
Published Version
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