Reconfigurable Ring Antenna Sensor for Detection of Adulteration in Liquids

Abstract

In this research paper, a novel reconfigurable ring antenna sensor is presented to detect adulteration in liquids. The suggested antenna sensor is designed to detect and predict salt and sugar concentrations in water and adulterant concentrations in milk. The proposed antenna works in five modes and reconfigurability is achieved using pin diodes. The adulteration in liquids is determined by analyzing the connection between concentration and fluctuation in the reflection coefficient. Calibration equations and Mean relative error (MRE) of different solutions are obtained using reflection coefficients and concentrations. The investigation demonstrates that salt and sugar concentrations could be predicted using a ring sensor with mean relative errors of 2.17% and 2.67% respectively. The sensor is used to detect and predict the concentration of several adulterants in milk like water, caustic soda, sodium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and urea. The value of MRE for adulterated milk is 2.2% for water, 2.33% for caustic soda, 2.33% for sodium carbonate, 2% for ammonium sulfate, and 3% for urea. The results show that the proposed ring antenna sensor has considerably good sensitivity and accuracy, which makes the system attractive for detecting adulteration in liquids with the lowest mean relative error.