Abstract
Abstract Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent avian avulavirus 1, is a serious poultry disease and a major threat for the poultry industry. Vaccination is the most effective way to control the disease. However, there are still ND outbreaks occurring all around the world despite large-scale immunization, which suggests current vaccination programmes need to be improved for better prevention. Since the efficiency of vaccine is easily affected by the quality of antigens, the interference of maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) and the immunization programme, this review focuses on directions to improve viral thermal stability, circumvent MDA interference and antigenotype match between vaccine and wild strains with a view to increasing the efficiency of ND vaccination.
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