Recommendations and treatment strategies for the management of acute ischemic stroke

Abstract

Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. From the establishment of the penumbra concept, ischemic stroke has been recognized as a dynamic process and two main therapeutic strategies have been designed: one that tries to reopen the occluded artery and the second aims to protect the penumbra brain tissue until the physiologic mechanisms–or the treatment–stop the ischemia. Objective: To review the most recent, high-quality evidence for acute stroke treatment. Methods: Systematic review of relevant published studies focused in several aspects of acute ischemic stroke management, from neuroprotection to thrombolysis. Conclusions: After the publication of NINDS rt-PA study, the classical nihilistic approach to ischemic stroke started to change and thrombolytic treatment was approved in the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting within 3 h from onset of symptoms. Advances in this field are proceeding on several fronts, including the use of next-generation plasminogen activators and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, refined patient selection with advanced magnetic resonance imaging sequences, endovascular approaches to thrombolysis and thrombectomy, and adjuvant use of ultrasound. Abrupt deprivation of oxygen and glucose to neuronal tissues elicits a series of pathologic cascades, leading to the spread of neuronal death. Of the numerous pathways identified, excessive activation of glutamate receptors, accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ cations, abnormal recruitment of inflammatory cells, excessive production of free radicals and initiation of pathologic apoptosis are believed to play critical roles in ischemic damage, especially in the penumbral zone. Several neuroprotective agents designed to block these cascades have been investigated in animal models of cerebral ischemia and numerous agents have been found to reduce infarct size. However, translation of neuroprotective benefits from the laboratory bench to the emergency room has not been successful. Other measures, such as the relevance of body position in the acute phase of stroke, anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents or the effects of statins and antihypertensive therapy, are discussed in this paper, with an overview of the relevance of stroke units.