Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been widely used in the management of malignant tumors. Programmed death 1 (PD‐1)/PD‐1 ligand (PD‐L1) inhibitors have been introduced to treat non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in recent years. Currently, PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors are considered to have minor side effects and do not independently increase the risk of infection. However, they may cause immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) that require immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants, leading to opportunistic infections. Furthermore, there have been reports describing reactivation of chronic/latent infections without irAEs or having received immunosuppressants. Thus, immune checkpoint inhibitor related infections have received more attention worldwide. In this paper, we review available clinical data, describe the potential mechanism, and propose recommendations for the diagnosis and clinical management of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitor‐related infections.
Highlights
In recent years, programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PDL1) inhibitors have been used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-related infections believed that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors do not increase the risk of infection because they promote T-cell effector functions
Seven cases have been recently reported that describe reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), most occurring within three months after treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.[4,17,18,19]
Summary
In recent years, programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PDL1) inhibitors have been used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may require treatment with immunosuppressive agents, which could cause opportunistic infections.[2,3] In addition, there have been several reports describing reactivation of latent/chronic infections during immunotherapy without irAEs or having received immunosuppressants.[4]
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