Abstract
Genetic recombination is considered to be a very frequent phenomenon among enteroviruses (Family Picornaviridae, Genus Enterovirus). However, the recombination patterns may differ between enterovirus species and between types within species. Enterovirus C (EV-C) species contains 21 types. In the capsid coding P1 region, the types of EV-C species cluster further into three sub-groups (designated here as A–C). In this study, the recombination pattern of EV-C species sub-group B that contains types CVA-21, CVA-24, EV-C95, EV-C96 and EV-C99 was determined using partial 5′UTR and VP1 sequences of enterovirus strains isolated during poliovirus surveillance and previously published complete genome sequences. Several inter-typic recombination events were detected. Furthermore, the analyses suggested that inter-typic recombination events have occurred mainly within the distinct sub-groups of EV-C species. Only sporadic recombination events between EV-C species sub-group B and other EV-C sub-groups were detected. In addition, strict recombination barriers were inferred for CVA-21 genotype C and CVA-24 variant strains. These results suggest that the frequency of inter-typic recombinations, even within species, may depend on the phylogenetic position of the given viruses.
Highlights
Enteroviruses are small non-enveloped positive strand RNA viruses with icosahedral capsid symmetry
The second dataset contained partial 59UTRs sequenced in this study, the overlapping sequences of Enterovirus C prototype strains and all sequences with more than 95% similarity in BLAST search (14.12.2012) with the 59UTR of EV-C96, CVA-21, EVC99 or CVA-24 strains as query sequences
To gain insight into the recombination history of EV-C subgroup B, partial 59UTR regions of a set of EV-C96, CVA-21, EV-C99 and CVA-24 strains (Table 1) were sequenced and analysed together with the sequences retrieved from the GenBank
Summary
Enteroviruses (genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae) are small non-enveloped positive strand RNA viruses with icosahedral capsid symmetry. Enteroviruses are classified to twelve species, Enterovirus A to H, J and Rhinovirus A to C [1]. Enterovirus A to D (formerly named Human enterovirus A to D) and Rhinovirus A to C (formerly named Human rhinovirus A to C) are known to infect humans. Enteroviruses are associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from mild/sub-clinical respiratory and gastro-intestinal infections to severe central nervous system (CNS) infections [2]. Enteroviruses use faecal-oral and respiratory routes of transmission, and the primary replication site is in the mucosa of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. The virus may spread via the lymphatic system and circulation to secondary target tissues such as CNS, heart and pancreas
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