Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are highly prevalent viruses worldwide. Recombination is known to occur frequently in EVs belonging to species Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, and Enterovirus C. Although many recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) strains have been reported, our knowledge on recombination in non-polio EVs in the species Enterovirus C is limited. Here, we combined a dataset consisting of 11 newly generated full-length Enterovirus C sequences and 180 publicly available sequences to study recombination dynamics in non-polio EVs. To identify recombination patterns, maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of different genomic regions were constructed, and segregation analyses were performed. Recombination was observed between members of the same 3DPol cluster, but was rarely observed between members of different clusters. We hypothesize that this restriction may have arisen through their different compartmentalization in respiratory and enteric tracts related to differences in cellular tropisms so that the opportunity to recombine may not be available.
Highlights
Enteroviruses (EVs) are single stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in the family of Picornaviridae.Upon infection, EVs can cause a wide variety of symptoms and disease outcomes, ranging from mild respiratory or gastro-intestinal symptoms to meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis [1].All currently known EVs belong to one of 15 species (Enterovirus A-Enterovirus L and RhinovirusA-Rhinovirus C), with Enterovirus A–Enterovirus D and all three rhinovirus species known to infect humans [2]
VP1 region (Figure 1A), the study strains were typed as EV-C99 (03-1000, 04-4491), CVA13 (04-4444, 04-4517, 04-1438, 04-1450), CVA20 (03-4166, 03-4107, 04-1378, 03-4209), and CVA22 (03-4101)
A total of 180 non-polio Enterovirus C sequences of more than 7000 base pairs were extracted from GenBank (April 2019)
Summary
Enteroviruses (EVs) are single stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in the family of Picornaviridae.Upon infection, EVs can cause a wide variety of symptoms and disease outcomes, ranging from mild respiratory or gastro-intestinal symptoms to meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis [1].All currently known EVs belong to one of 15 species (Enterovirus A-Enterovirus L and RhinovirusA-Rhinovirus C), with Enterovirus A–Enterovirus D and all three rhinovirus species known to infect humans [2]. Enteroviruses (EVs) are single stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in the family of Picornaviridae. EVs can cause a wide variety of symptoms and disease outcomes, ranging from mild respiratory or gastro-intestinal symptoms to meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis [1]. All currently known EVs belong to one of 15 species A-Rhinovirus C), with Enterovirus A–Enterovirus D and all three rhinovirus species known to infect humans [2]. The EV genome is approximately 7500 nucleotides (nts) in length. It encodes a polyprotein consisting of a P1, P2, and P3 region, flanked by untranslated regions (UTRs) at both the 50 and 30 end. The P1 region is further cleaved into 4 structural proteins that make up the viral capsid (VP1-VP4), Viruses 2020, 12, 706; doi:10.3390/v12070706 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses
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