Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic overwhelming disease that is treated with insulin. Subcutaneous insulin injection has several drawbacks such as nerve damage, microbial contamination, thermal instability, and pain. Exogenous insulin is essential in the management of type 1 diabetes and plays a complementary role in the management of type 2 diabetes, where oral hypoglycemic agents play a major role in treatment. Pain, injection site lipodystrophy, nerve damage, thermal instability, and microbial contamination during injection are the major side effects of insulin administered via the IV or SC route.
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