Abstract
Peer review (PR) is a relatively recent development though it has become an established part of academic publishing. PR started becoming common in the 1960s and 70s. Peer review can be of different types. It can be blinded or open. The process can be done before publication or after a manuscript is published. Portable reviews, impact neutral PR, collaborative PR, and registered reports are also used. There are challenges with peer review which remains a largely subjective process. Due to increasing number of journals and submissions there is an urgent need for more reviewers, especially from the developing nations and from women. Academic publishing is a lucrative business dominated by a few big publishers. Reviewers should be rewarded financially either directly or through processing charge waivers or through journal and database subscription for their efforts.
Highlights
Peer review (PR) is the process of submitting an authors’ scholarly manuscript to the scrutiny of other experts in the field.[1]History of peer reviewMost ancient texts were never peer reviewed
Women make up only 21% of peer reviewers and most reviewers were based in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany and less than 2% were from developing nations.[9]
Among credits and incentives suggested for reviewers were continuing education points, a financial fee, publication fee waiver for the journal, formal recognition and protected time in their schedule to do peer reviews.[13]
Summary
Most ancient texts were never peer reviewed. PR was first adopted by the Royal society of Edinburgh, Scotland in 1731 and ‘Medical essays and observations’ is regarded as the first peer-reviewed journal.[2, 3] The British Medical Journal instituted a process of PR by around 1893. Science and the Journal of the American Medical Association began external peer review around the 1940s. The term peer review began to be widely used only around the 1960s.4. Prestigious journals like The Lancet and Nature instituted PR only in the 1970s The term peer review began to be widely used only around the 1960s.4 Prestigious journals like The Lancet and Nature instituted PR only in the 1970s
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