Recognition of Orobanche cumana Below-Ground Parasitism Through Physiological and Hyper Spectral Measurements in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).

Amnon Cochavi,Tal Rapaport,Hanan Eizenberg,Jhonathan E Ephrath,Tania Gendler,Arnon Karnieli,Shimon Rachmilevitch

doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00909

Abstract

Broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) parasitism is a severe problem in many crops worldwide, including in the Mediterranean basin. Most of the damage occurs during the sub-soil developmental stage of the parasite, by the time the parasite emerges from the ground, damage to the crop has already been done. One feasible method for sensing early, below-ground parasitism is through physiological measurements, which provide preliminary indications of slight changes in plant vitality and productivity. However, a complete physiological field survey is slow, costly and requires skilled manpower. In recent decades, visible to-shortwave infrared (VIS-SWIR) hyperspectral tools have exhibited great potential for faster, cheaper, simpler and non-destructive tracking of physiological changes. The advantage of VIS-SWIR is even greater when narrow-band signatures are analyzed with an advanced statistical technique, like a partial least squares regression (PLS-R). The technique can pinpoint the most physiologically sensitive wavebands across an entire spectrum, even in the presence of high levels of noise and collinearity. The current study evaluated a method for early detection of Orobanche cumana parasitism in sunflower that combines plant physiology, hyperspectral readings and PLS-R. Seeds of susceptible and resistant O. cumana sunflower varieties were planted in infested (15 mg kg-1 seeds) and non-infested soil. The plants were examined weekly to detect any physiological or structural changes; the examinations were accompanied by hyperspectral readings. During the early stage of the parasitism, significant differences between infected and non-infected sunflower plants were found in the reflectance of near and shortwave infrared areas. Physiological measurements revealed no differences between treatments until O. cumana inflorescences emerged. However, levels of several macro- and microelements tended to decrease during the early stage of O. cumana parasitism. Analysis of leaf cross-sections revealed differences in range and in mesophyll structure as a result of different levels of nutrients in sunflower plants, manifesting the presence of O. cumana infections. The findings of an advanced PLS-R analysis emphasized the correlation between specific reflectance changes in the SWIR range and levels of various nutrients in sunflower plants. This work demonstrates potential for the early detection of O. cumana parasitism on sunflower roots using hyperspectral tools.

Highlights

For many years, the underground development of root parasitic plants has been a mystery for both researchers and farmers
This study focuses on the relationship between O. cumana parasitism and the reflectance of the host sunflower leaves
Measurements were conducted as follows: the first measurements after two true leaves developed [23 days after planting (DAP)]; the second measurements after O. cumana tubercles were established on the host roots (31 DAP); the third measurement after 63% of O. cumana tubercles were established on the host roots (36 DAP); and the last measurement after O. cumana inflorescences emerged above the ground level (51 DAP)

Summary

Introduction

The underground development of root parasitic plants has been a mystery for both researchers and farmers. Broomrape parasitism of host crop roots is generally recognized only when parasite inflorescences break through the soil surface, at which point irreversible damage has already been done to the crop (Mauromicale et al, 2008; Longo et al, 2010). We have learned more about the below-ground developmental stages of parasitic plants (Heide-Jørgensen, 2013) and that the germination of parasitic seeds is triggered by specific hormonal signals in the root exudates of host plants (Yoneyama et al, 2010). The parasite seed germinates and the rootlet grows toward the host’s roots. The parasite penetrates the host’s roots and forms a vascular connection with the host (Yoneyama et al, 2013). More severe infestations will lead to greater crop damage (Grenz et al, 2008)

Methods

Results

Conclusion