Recognition of Barriers to Physical Activity Promotion in Immigrant Children in Spain: A Qualitative Case Study.

Romain Marconnot,Javier Gueita-Rodríguez,Antonio Marín-Rojas,Jose Delfa-de-la-Morena,Jorge Pérez-Corrales,Cesar Fernández-de-las-Peñas,Domingo Palacios-Ceña

doi:10.3390/ijerph16030431

Abstract

Physical activity facilitates the acquisition of healthy habits from childhood to adulthood. Differences exist regarding the performance of physical activity among immigrant children compared to native Spanish children. The purpose of the study was to describe the barriers that exist for the promotion of physical activity. A qualitative case-study approach was implemented. Parents of immigrant children, teachers, a school principal, and priests were included, using purposeful sampling. Data were collected from 25 participants, via unstructured and semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and researchers’ field notes. A thematic analysis was performed and ecological levels were identified. Our findings revealed the following barriers to performing physical activity: (a) the meaning of physical activity, (b) gender inequalities, (c) academic burden, (d) lack of social contact, (e) expenses and family economy, (f) lack of infrastructure and natural surroundings, (g) time constraints, (h) fear and insecurity, and (i) the reason for immigrating. These results may be used to revise the school curriculum, promoting equal opportunities for physical activity and encouraging family participation. Additionally, urban design policies should be encouraged to facilitate access to open spaces for recreation within cities.

Highlights

Physical inactivity is considered the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [1]
Nine themes emerged from the material analyzed: (a) the meaning of physical activity, (b) gender inequalities, (c) academic burden, (d) lack of social contact, (e) expenses and family economy, (f) lack of infrastructure and natural surroundings, (g) time constraints, (h) fear and insecurity, and (i) the reason for immigrating
Our findings help further our understanding of the factors related with physical activity in immigrant children living in Spain

Summary

Introduction

Physical inactivity is considered the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [1]. In Spain, gender differences have been documented, with girls being overall less active than boys (16.3% vs 8.2%) [3,4]. To counteract this problem, regular physical activity is recommended as it provides numerous health benefits, such as reductions in hypertension, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and stroke [5]. A number of factors have been shown to influence physical activity levels in children and adolescents These include the school environment, immigration, culture, and the social and community context where the child lives [8,9,10,11,12,13]. Public Health 2019, 16, 431; doi:10.3390/ijerph16030431 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph

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