Abstract
John Connor has asserted that recidivism by cartel participants is very common and is symptomatic of serious flaws in cartel enforcement. However, we searched U.S. enforcement records for instances of cartel recidivism and found none at all since July 1999 when the first non-U.S. national was sentenced to a term of imprisonment for participation in international cartel activity. All available evidence indicates U.S. cartel enforcement in the United States is at least achieving the specific deterrence of convicted offenders.
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