Abstract
Precision Agriculture has been a significant issue since the middle of the 1980s. Evapotranspiration is one of the main parameters in precision agriculture to analyze real water needs in the agriculture area and managing water resources. Traditionally evapotranspiration estimates by directly measured methods, i.e., lysimeter, pan-evaporation, eddy covariance, Bowen ratio, soil water, and climate data analysis. These methods are expensive techniques with low spatial representativeness. The utilization of remote sensing technology is expected to be an alternative solution for providing evapotranspiration data with a cost-effective and high spatial representative. This research aims to evaluate the MODIS global evapotranspiration as satellite-based evapotranspiration in estimating evapotranspiration in West Papua. Four (4) statistical parameters, i.e., mean error (ME), root means square error (RMSE), relative bias (RB), and mean bias factor (MBF), are using for evaluation. The research showed that MODIS global evapotranspiration was overestimated in estimating evapotranspiration in West Papua. However, MODIS global evapotranspiration has an acceptable accuracy in estimating evapotranspiration in West Papua indicated by ME = 0.66 mm/day, RMSE = 0.94 mm/day, RB = 0.27, and MBF = 0.81. Therefore, MODIS global evapotranspiration can be used as an alternative solution for providing evapotranspiration data in West Papua with a cost-effective.
Highlights
The phosphorus content in many soils varies highly along with the soil ability in providing P to plants
The aim of this research were: (1) to study the organic material and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) capability in releasing P on three soils with high P adsorption; (2) to quantify the amount of P which come from the fertilizer; (3) to calculate the efficiency of P used by the plants; and (4) to quantify the residual P in the soil
This could explain that time was very important in determining the process of organic material decomposition, as well as the role of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and the rate of dissolving rock phosphate
Summary
The phosphorus content in many soils varies highly along with the soil ability in providing P to plants. P availability in the soil is greatly influenced by the soil reaction (Blair 1994), within the pH value ranges between 5.5-7.0. P availability decreases if soil pH is lower or higher than those pH range. P deficiency often becomes a serious problem on the acid soil as the result of P- fixation of specific adsorption which bind tightly phosphate ion (Kasno et al 2006). P can be dominantly adsorbed by Al/Fe oxides and hydroxides, such as gibbsite, hematite, and goethite (Parfitt 1989). P can initially be adsorbed on the surface of clay minerals and Fe/Al oxides by forming various complexes. The non- protonated and protonated bidentate surface complexes may coexist at pH 4 to 9, while
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