Abstract
Epidemic logical studies of the association of low levels of lead with the behavior, IQ, and educational attainment of children are reviewed, with particular reference to the role of social factors in the relationship, and the development of methodology designed to cope with confounding factors. It is concluded that body lead levels in children act as a marker for socially disadvantageous factors, and that when these are controlled adequately, adverse effects cannot be attributed to lead with any certainty, although they may exist. If there are any effects of lead at these levels, then they are small and may not be detectable with existing methods of data collection and statistical analysis.
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