Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected millions of people worldwide. Vaccines are urgently needed to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic and return to the pre-pandemic era. The aims of the current literature review were to discuss the administered vaccines andor those under trials, and to summarize the effectiveness of the available COVID-19 vaccines. Scientists worldwide have made extensive efforts for vaccine development in record time. Several vaccine candidates have been developed; where many of them have passed stage III clinical trials and have recorded positive results. Scientists throughout the world are exerting enormous efforts for the development of COVID-19 vaccine. About 18 vaccines candidates are currently in phase III clinical trial. Almost all the developing vaccine candidates have T cell response and detectable numbers of neutralizing antibodies. The most common vaccine side effects include; fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle and joint pains. The post stage III successful vaccines have been administered to individuals worldwide.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that emerged late in December, 2019; is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
A number of CoV antiviral vaccines had been developed for domestic animals against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), feline CoV, bovine CoV (BCoV) and canine CoV (Tizard, 2020)
Covid-19 pandemic has mobilized the whole world for the synthesis of a safe and effective vaccine, which is the only solution to get rid of this pandemic and to bring life back to its normality (Bhopal et al, 2020)
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that emerged late in December, 2019; is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In order to mitigate the current pandemic; vaccines are urgently needed to cure and bring an end to this worldwide disease (Jeyanathan et al, 2020; Ullah et al, 2021b). A number of CoV antiviral vaccines had been developed for domestic animals against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), feline CoV, bovine CoV (BCoV) and canine CoV (Tizard, 2020). These prior experiences of animal's vaccine development have provided vital hope for the development of human vaccines for COVID-19. An ideal COVID-19 vaccine must have the capability to reduce the infection rate and disease transmission, which could contribute to the control of viral infection (Hodgson et al, 2020)
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