Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent endocrine disorders, affecting populations worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular complication of diabetes in patients aged 20 and over. Major complications of DR include intraocular neovascularization, inter-retinal edema, hemorrhage, exudates and microaneurysms. Therefore, timely medical attention and prevention are required. At present, laser-assisted therapy and other operational procedures are the most common treatment for DR. However, these treatments can cause retinal damage and scarring. Also, use of the majority of traditional medicines is not supported by clinical evidence. However, due to accumulating scientific evidence, traditional natural medications may assist in delaying or preventing the progression of DR. This review focuses on evidence for the role of traditional natural medicines and their mechanisms of action and pharmacological test results in relation to the progression of DR.
Highlights
Diabetes is a global concern, with recent surveys forecasting that by 2030, the number of patients with diabetes will increase to 500 million [1]
22, 76 a process limited to the accessibility of new technology [28].3 ofDuring discoveryMolecules is no2017, longer the past decade a considerable number of accepted new drug applications have been derived from the means or geographic access to allopathic medicine [27]
The ethanolic extract of L. japonica inhibited the stimulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). These results suggested that the ethanolic extract of L. japonica may be advantageous for the treatment of diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration; its neuroprotective effect might be attributable in part its effect on advanced glycation end product (AGE) [32]
Summary
Diabetes is a global concern, with recent surveys forecasting that by 2030, the number of patients with diabetes will increase to 500 million [1]. DR causes breakdown of the BRB, which leads to vascular leakage and subsequent macular edema, causing serious impairment of vision [4]. Hyperglycemia, and duration of diabetes are the major risk factors for DR. Diabetes involves a series of pathological factors such as hormones, hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation and growth factors that insinuate harmful biochemical pathways such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation accountable for the development of the disease. The pathways and their mediators damage both neuronal and vascular cells in the retina, leading to neurovascular damage in DR [15]. Treatment for DR involves use of ACE inhibitors [17] and surgical procedures such as laser photocoagulation and possibly vitrectomy [18,19]
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