Abstract
Insecticides have played a major role in the prevention, control, and elimination of vector-borne diseases, but insecticide resistance threatens the efficacy of available vector control tools. A global survey was conducted to investigate vector control insecticide use from 2010 to 2019. Out of 140 countries selected as sample for the study, 87 countries responded. Also, data on ex-factory deliveries of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were analyzed. Insecticide operational use was highest for control of malaria, followed by dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Vector control relied on few insecticide classes with pyrethroids the most used overall. Results indicated that IRS programs have been slow to react to detection of pyrethroid resistance, while proactive resistance management using insecticides with unrelated modes of action was generally weak. The intensive use of recently introduced insecticide products raised concern about product stewardship regarding the preservation of insecticide susceptibility in vector populations. Resistance management was weakest for control of dengue, leishmaniasis or Chagas disease. Therefore, it will be vital that vector control programs coordinate on insecticide procurement, planning, implementation, resistance monitoring, and capacity building. Moreover, increased consideration should be given to alternative vector control tools that prevent the development of insecticide resistance.
Highlights
Insecticides have played a major role in the prevention, control, and elimination of vector-borne diseases, but insecticide resistance threatens the efficacy of available vector control tools
Residual spraying includes indoor residual spraying (IRS) to kill vectors that land on sprayed interior surfaces as is commonly applied for control of malaria, visceral leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, and outdoor insecticide application in larval habitats and peripheral mosquito resting surfaces, sometimes used in dengue c ontrol[10]
Out of the remaining 140 countries that were selected for our study, 87 countries provided insecticide use data (62.1% country response rate); these countries comprised 33 African, 32 Asia–Pacific and 22 Latin American & Caribbean countries (Supplementary Table S1)
Summary
Insecticides have played a major role in the prevention, control, and elimination of vector-borne diseases, but insecticide resistance threatens the efficacy of available vector control tools. Insecticide operational use was highest for control of malaria, followed by dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Resistance management was weakest for control of dengue, leishmaniasis or Chagas disease. The mainstay of vector control worldwide has been the use of insecticides to kill or deter vectors These insecticides have primarily been applied by means of insecticidetreated nets (ITNs), residual spraying, space spraying, larviciding. Residual spraying includes indoor residual spraying (IRS) to kill vectors that land on sprayed interior surfaces as is commonly applied for control of malaria, visceral leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, and outdoor insecticide application in larval habitats and peripheral mosquito resting surfaces, sometimes used in dengue c ontrol[10]. Pyrethroid resistance is a concern in the control of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease v ectors[18,19]
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