Recent treatments to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cancer(HCC): update and outlook

Abstract

In the US, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 75%85% of instances of liver cancer, is a substantial cause of cancer-related fatalities. This review focuses on the recent developments in managing HCC, specifically through Trans-arterial Chemoembolization (TACE), which is currently first-line recommended and boasts a high survival rate. We have also discussed gene therapy, which aims to correct or replace faulty genes contributing to HCC development. Although it is still on trial, early results show promise. There are also various treatments such as OLT, molecularly targeted therapy, radiation therapy, locoregional therapies, gene therapy and immunotherapy. We have also come up with an innovative idea of creating a therapeutic vaccine using circRNA instead of mRNA, along with LNP, to treat HCC. This approach combines the benefits and functions of both circRNA and LNP. Different components of LNP aid in diverse benefits, to name but a few, stability, encapsulation and delivery efficiency, and higher targeting specificity. The use of circRNA offers adjuvant to immune response and better stability. Recent studies suggest that this hypothesis is theoretically possible. A better understanding of the hazardous disease could lead to the development of more effective treatments, which are urgently needed.