Abstract
Biofilms are intricate bacterial assemblages that attach to diverse surfaces using an extracellular polymeric substance that protects them from the host immune system and conventional antibiotics. Biofilms cause chronic infections that result in millions of deaths around the world every year. Since the antibiotic tolerance mechanism in biofilm is different than that of the planktonic cells due to its multicellular structure, the currently available antibiotics are inadequate to treat biofilm-associated infections which have led to an immense need to find newer treatment options. Over the years, various novel antibiofilm compounds able to fight biofilms have been discovered. In this review, we have focused on the recent and intensively researched therapeutic techniques and antibiofilm agents used for biofilm treatment and grouped them according to their type and mode of action. We also discuss some therapeutic approaches that have the potential for future advancement.
Highlights
Biofilms are intricate bacterial assemblages that attach to diverse surfaces using an extracellular polymeric substance that protects them from the host immune system and conventional antibiotics
Human β -defensin 3 (HBD-3) induced downregulation of ica operon genes, such as icaA and icaD, and at the same time upregulated icaR genes of S. epidermidis decreasing polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) production resulting in biofilm inhibition [118]. As all of these results suggest antibiofilm peptides can control biofilms using several different kinds of mechanisms, these peptides can be further classified into several sub-groups as suggested by Plakunov et al [28]
They first evaluated the difference in metabolism between the biofilm and planktonic populations of UTI89 by using mass spectrometrybased targeted and untargeted metabolomic methods, together with cytological imaging, that enabled in identifying the targeted metabolites and related metabolic pathways involved in biofilm development [123]
Summary
Biofilms are multicellular clusters of microbes that adhere to various surfaces using an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) made up of proteins, polysaccharides, or extracellular DNA (eDNA) [1]. The biofilm microorganisms elicit definite mechanisms for early adherence to a surface, growth, and expansion of a community structure and microenvironment, and dispersal. B. Adherence is a stage where microbes adhere to a medical device or the host through adhesins. Adherence is a stage where microbes adhere to a medical device or the host through adhesins In this phase, microbes start to divide and form an exopolymeric substance (EPS), which improves adhesion while the formation of an EPS envelops the cells. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Biofilm infections include both device-related and non-device-related biofilms that affect numerous people in the world each year that result in numerous deaths [5]. There is an urgent need to find an alternative to antibiotics for treating biofilm-related infections
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