Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are receiving remarkable attention due to their unique properties and structure. They vary from atoms and molecules along with those of bulk materials. They can be engineered to act as drug delivery vehicles to cross blood-brain barriers (BBBs) and utilized with better efficacy and safety to deliver specific molecules into targeted cells as compared to conventional system for neurological disorders. Depending on their properties, various metal chelators, gold nanoparticles (NPs), micelles, quantum dots, polymeric NPs, liposomes, solid lipid NPs, microparticles, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes have been utilized for various purposes including the improvement of drug delivery system, treatment response assessment, diagnosis at early stage, and management of neurological disorder by using neuro-engineering. BBB regulates micro- and macromolecule penetration/movement, thus protecting it from many kinds of illness. This phenomenon also prevents drug delivery for the neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and primary brain tumors. For some neurological disorders (AD and PD), the environmental pollution was considered as a major cause, as observed that metal and/or metal oxide from different sources are inhaled and get deposited in the lungs/brain. Old age, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are other factors for rapid deterioration of human health and onset of AD. In addition, gene mutations have also been examined to cause the early onset familial forms of AD. AD leads to cognitive impairment and plaque deposits in the brain leading to neuronal cell death. Based on these facts and considerations, this review elucidates the importance of frequently used metal chelators, NMs and/or NPs. The present review also discusses the current status and future challenges in terms of their application in drug delivery for neurological disease management.
Highlights
Nanomaterials (NMs) are expressed as materials having typical sizes in the range of 1–100 nm
The results showed that rivastigmine concentration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were higher after 8 h of delivery into the brain [60]
All neurological disorders are associated with the spinal cord and nervous system
Summary
Nanomaterials (NMs) are expressed as materials having typical sizes in the range of 1–100 nm. The neurological disease treatment and management options are very limited because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the crossing and poor solubility of therapeutic molecules and desired drugs by the oral route To overcome this issue, nanotechnology has provided an opportunity in novel technological inventions in the form of nanotubes, nanowires, nanospheres, robots, miniatures, nanosuspensions, nanomedicines, nanogels, nanoemulsions, nanocarriers, microparticles (MPs), NPs, polymeric and solid lipid NPs (SLNs), solid lipid carriers, liquid crystals (LCs), liposomes, microemulsions (MEs), and hydrogels for the effective and targeted drug delivery system and various disease diagnosis and management [22]. Neurological Disorders and Management Taken together, the CNS-associated main challenges are absence of smart diagnostic tools and incapability of effective drugs to cross BBB To overcome these issues, various formulations of NMs/NPs have shown extensive and promising applications in drug delivery against neurological disorder treatment and management (Fig. 1). Plaque formation from Aβ protein is shown in Scheme 1 below: The intracellular hyperphosphorylated neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques (extracellular deposits of Aβ peptide) in the brain are the main cause of AD
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