Abstract
Mitosis is a highly sophisticated and well-regulated process during the development and differentiation of mammalian gametogenesis. The regulation of mitosis plays an essential role in keeping the formulation in oogenesis and gametogenesis. In the past few years, substantial research progress has been made by showing that cyclins/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) have roles in the regulation of meiosis. In addition, more functional signaling molecules have been discovered in mitosis. Growing evidence has also indicated that miRNAs influence cell cycling. In this review, we focus on specific genes, cyclins/Cdk, signaling pathways/molecules, and miRNAs to discuss the latest achievements in understanding their roles in mitosis during gametogenesis. Further elucidation of mitosis during gametogenesis may facilitate delineating all processes of mammalian reproduction and the development of disease treatments.
Highlights
Gametogenesis is an essential biological process to produce heritable haploid gametes in mammalian gonads, which includes oogenesis and spermatogenesis [1,2,3]
We have systematically summarized the regulation of genes, cyclins/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), signaling molecules, and miRNAs in mitosis during gametogenesis
With the deepening of research and technological progress, we are gradually expanding our knowledge of mitosis during gametogenesis, specific mitosis mechanisms of gametes are still unclear
Summary
Gametogenesis is an essential biological process to produce heritable haploid gametes in mammalian gonads, which includes oogenesis and spermatogenesis [1,2,3]. After arrival at the genital ridge, germ cells differentiate into spermatogonia or oocytes to enter gametogenesis and form the syncytium in which multiple cells share one cytoplasm because of incomplete mitosis [8]. The M phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis to separate the genome and ensures that the two daughter cells inherit an equal and identical complement of chromosomes [14,19]. It is exceedingly complex and highly regulated. As chromosomes reach the cell poles, a nuclear envelope is reassembled around each set of chromatids, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes begin to decondense back into the expanded chromatin that is present during interphase
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