Abstract
Cancer is still one of the main causes of morbidity and death rate around the world, although diagnostic and therapeutic technologies are used to advance human disease treatment. Currently, surgical resection of solid tumors is the most effective and a prior remedial measure to treat cancer. Although medical treatment, technology, and science have advanced significantly, it is challenging to completely treat this lethal disease. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, including the first near-infrared region (NIR-I, 650–900 nm) and the second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 1,000–1,700 nm), plays an important role in image-guided cancer surgeries due to its inherent advantages, such as great tissue penetration, minimal tissue absorption and emission light scattering, and low autofluorescence. By virtue of its high precision in identifying tumor tissue margins, there are growing number of NIR fluorescence-guided surgeries for various living animal models as well as patients in clinical therapy. Herein, this review introduces the basic construction and operation principles of fluorescence molecular imaging technology, and the representative application of NIR-I/II image-guided surgery in biomedical research studies are summarized. Ultimately, we discuss the present challenges and future perspectives in the field of fluorescence imaging for surgical navigation and also put forward our opinions on how to improve the efficiency of the surgical treatment.
Highlights
As an extremely aggressive disease for human health, cancer is still one of the most fatal diseases and the main cause of death across the world (Torre et al, 2015; Torre et al, 2016; de Groot et al, 2018; Feng et al, 2019; Rawla, 2019)
NIR-I/II dyes are capable of offering imaging of deeper tissues, and the activatable approach can achieve higher SBR between diseased tissues and normal tissues
Taken together, developing NIR probes with superior performance is of great significance and application value for tackling challenges in surgical navigation applications, and some methodological guidance strategies to improve the performance of NIR probes are summarized as following: 1) Expanding the NIR fluorophore-conjugated structure through plane direction instead of chain direction, which can improve the stability and expand the emission spectra simultaneously. 2) Incorporating water-soluble groups
Summary
As an extremely aggressive disease for human health, cancer is still one of the most fatal diseases and the main cause of death across the world (Torre et al, 2015; Torre et al, 2016; de Groot et al, 2018; Feng et al, 2019; Rawla, 2019). We have emphasized recent prime examples of NIRI/II fluorescence imaging for surgical navigation and the applications in various surgical resections, including orthotopic osteosarcoma, orthotopic liver tumor, orthotopic breast tumor, renal cell carcinoma, brain tumor, inflammatory bowel disease, peritoneal carcinomatosis, metastatic ovarian cancer, and lymph node.
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