Recent progresses and remaining challenges for the detection of Zika virus.

Xianlong Zhang,Guang Chen,Yongning Wu,Niu Zhu,Di Wu,Guoliang Li,Tony D James

doi:10.1002/med.21786

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a particularly notorious mosquito-borne flavivirus, which can lead to a devastating congenital syndrome in the fetuses of pregnant mothers (e.g., microcephaly, spasticity, craniofacial disproportion, miscarriage, and ocular abnormalities) and cause the autoimmune disorder Guillain-Barre' syndrome of adults. Due to its severity and rapid dispersal over several continents, ZIKV has been acknowledged to be a global health concern by the World Health Organization. Unfortunately, the ZIKV has recently resurged in India with the potential for devastating effects. Researchers from all around the world have worked tirelessly to develop effective detection strategies and vaccines for the prevention and control of ZIKV infection. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the most recent research into ZIKV, including the structural biology and evolution, historical overview, pathogenesis, symptoms, and transmission. We then focus on the detection strategies for ZIKV, including viral isolation, serological assays, molecular assays, sensing methods, reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification, transcription-mediated amplification technology, reverse transcription strand invasion based amplification, bioplasmonic paper-based device, and reverse transcription isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification. To conclude, we examine the limitations of currently available strategies for the detection of ZIKV, and outline future opportunities and research challenges.

Highlights

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito‐borne virus of the Flaviviridae family, is associated with high mortality rates in fetuses, neurological impairments and microcephaly in neonates, and the autoimmune disorder Guillain‐Barre' syndrome (GBS) in adults
The ZIKV has recently resurged in India with the potential for devastating effects
We focus on the detection strategies for ZIKV, including viral isolation, serological assays, molecular assays, sensing methods, reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification, transcription‐mediated amplification technology, reverse transcription strand invasion based amplification, bioplasmonic paper‐based device, and reverse transcription isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification

Summary

| INTRODUCTION

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito‐borne virus of the Flaviviridae family, is associated with high mortality rates in fetuses, neurological impairments and microcephaly in neonates, and the autoimmune disorder Guillain‐Barre' syndrome (GBS) in adults. While, when the mice were infected during the diestrus‐ like phase, they succumbed to infection or experienced transient illness Based on these lethal and sublethal mouse models, it was shown that intravaginal deposition of ZIKV could lead to transgenital transmission, hormonal changes in the reproductive tract (FRT) of female mice, and the replication of ZIKV could persist in the FRT of female mice for several days.[190] Recently, some reports indicate that the RNA and infectious viral load of ZIKV can be detected in the urine and saliva of infected patients.

Method

Findings

| CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS