Abstract
Galls are characteristic plant structures formed by cell size enlargement and/or cell proliferation induced by parasitic or pathogenic organisms. Insects are a major inducer of galls, and insect galls can occur on plant leaves, stems, floral buds, flowers, fruits, or roots. Many of these exhibit unique shapes, providing shelter and nutrients to insects. To form unique gall structures, gall-inducing insects are believed to secrete certain effector molecules and hijack host developmental programs. However, the molecular mechanisms of insect gall induction and development remain largely unknown due to the difficulties associated with the study of non-model plants in the wild. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have allowed us to determine the biological processes in non-model organisms, including gall-inducing insects and their host plants. In this review, we first summarize the adaptive significance of galls for insects and plants. Thereafter, we summarize recent progress regarding the molecular aspects of insect gall formation.
Highlights
Galls are induced on plants by viruses, mycoplasma, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, mites, and other plants
This hypothesis was partly supported by comparative transcriptome analysis using four different insect galls generated on leaves: galls on G. obovatum induced by the micromoth C. cecidophora, on E. japonica by the micromoth B. euryae, R. javanica by the aphid S
We reviewed the molecular aspects of insect gall induction and development
Summary
Galls are induced on plants by viruses, mycoplasma, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, mites, and other plants. Gall-inducing insects produce initiate themorphologies development andare maintenance of gall tissue Phytohormones, such as indole acetic acid and cytokinins, are considerably different from those of plant structures. There is evidence that certain amino acids and proteins are possible Gall-inducing insectssignals produce initiate the development and maintenance of for gallstimuli inductionthat [6] These results suggest that substances transferred to plants via an insect ovipositor, secreted from larval saliva and/or excrement from larvae, induce the gall tissue. Each specific insect species generates more or less a fixed galltransferred shape on theirto respective signals for gall induction [6] These results suggest that substances plants host plants, indicating that gall-inducing insects activate specific developmental pathways via an insect ovipositor, secreted from larval saliva and/or excrement from larvae, induce of each host plant and tightly control these pathways. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of gall development remain poorly understood, and further studies are needed that focus on a variety of insect and plant taxa
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