Abstract
Brain‒machine interface (BMI) is a promising technology that looks set to contribute to the development of artificial limbs and new input devices by integrating various recent technological advances, including neural electrodes, wireless communication, signal analysis, and robot control. Neural electrodes are a key technological component of BMI, as they can record the rapid and numerous signals emitted by neurons. To receive stable, consistent, and accurate signals, electrodes are designed in accordance with various templates using diverse materials. With the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, electrodes have become more integrated, and their performance has gradually evolved through surface modification and advances in biotechnology. In this paper, we review the development of the extracellular/intracellular type of in vitro microelectrode array (MEA) to investigate neural interface technology and the penetrating/surface (non-penetrating) type of in vivo electrodes. We briefly examine the history and study the recently developed shapes and various uses of the electrode. Also, electrode materials and surface modification techniques are reviewed to measure high-quality neural signals that can be used in BMI.
Highlights
Neural electrode is an interface between neurons—the electroactive cells of the nervous system—and brain-machine interface (BMI) system
Among the various types of neural interface, microelectrode array (MEA) is of the utmost significance, as it is used to measure the activity signals emitted by cultured neuronal cells in several neuroscientific applications
Electrodes currently have the capacity to record neural activity in vivo, from intracellular potential through extracellular action potentials (APs) to local field potential (LFP) [97]. When these neural signals are applied to Brain-machine interface (BMI), parity of performance can be achieved between AP and LFP signals with high frequencies (>200 Hz)
Summary
Neural electrode is an interface between neurons—the electroactive cells of the nervous system—and brain-machine interface (BMI) system. Several investigations have been conducted into the interface between the electrode and the anatomical part, in addition to the material from which the electrode has been fabricated In this interface, intracellular/extracellular signal is transferred via electrochemical reaction, and the electrode itself is broken down by long-term measurement. Intracellular/extracellular signal is transferred via electrochemical reaction, and the electrode itself is broken down by long-term measurement For these reasons, numerous studies have sought to improve electrode performance by applying metal coating or nanostructure synthesis to electrode surfaces, in what is known as the surface modification technique. Among the various types of neural interface, MEA is of the utmost significance, as it is used to measure the activity signals emitted by cultured neuronal cells in several neuroscientific applications. Researchers have developed a flexible and stretchable electrode by changing the substrate material instead of the shape of electrode surface, for applying to in vivo experiment on neural interfaces [11]
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