Abstract
Exosomes are membrane extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of cells, which are rich in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. As a medium of intercellular communication, exosomes play important roles in biological processes and are closely related to the occurrence, and development of many diseases. The isolation of exosomes and downstream analyses can provide important information to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, exosomes are various in a size range from 30 to 200 nm and exist in complex bio-systems, which provide significant challenges for the isolation and enrichment of exosomes. Different methods have been developed to isolate exosomes, such as the “gold-standard” ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and polymer precipitation. In order to improve the selectivity of isolation, affinity capture strategies based on molecular recognition are becoming attractive. In this review, we introduced the main strategies for exosome isolation and enrichment, and compared their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, combined with the excellent performance of targeted peptides, we summarized the application of peptide recognition in exosome isolation and engineering modification.
Highlights
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of eukaryotic cells (Min et al, 2021) or bacteria (Vanaja et al, 2016; Tzipilevich et al, 2017)
Developing exosome isolation methods with high efficiency and selectivity will definitely promote the deep understanding of the functions of exosome, as well as the accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases
We summarized the application of peptide recognition in exosome isolation and engineering modification
Summary
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of eukaryotic cells (Min et al, 2021) or bacteria (Vanaja et al, 2016; Tzipilevich et al, 2017). Due to the heterogeneity of budding in the cell membrane, exosomes are not homogeneous vesicles but a series of complex subtypes with a size range from 30 to 200 nm and various functions respectively (Kalluri and Lebleu, 2020; Bordanaba-Florit et al, 2021). Ultrafiltration (Liu et al, 2017), size-exclusion chromatography (Xu et al, 2016), and polymer precipitation (Pegtel and Gould, 2019) based on the physical characteristics (such as size and solubility) have been developed to achieve the isolation of exosomes. These methods usually capture the vesicles indiscriminately and cannot distinguish exosomes and lipoprotein particles efficiently. We summarized the application of peptide recognition in exosome isolation and engineering modification
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