Abstract
With the fast development of energy harvesting technology, micro-nano or scale-up energy harvesters have been proposed to allow sensors or internet of things (IoT) applications with self-powered or self-sustained capabilities. Facilitation within smart homes, manipulators in industries and monitoring systems in natural settings are all moving toward intellectually adaptable and energy-saving advances by converting distributed energies across diverse situations. The updated developments of major applications powered by improved energy harvesters are highlighted in this review. To begin, we study the evolution of energy harvesting technologies from fundamentals to various materials. Secondly, self-powered sensors and self-sustained IoT applications are discussed regarding current strategies for energy harvesting and sensing. Third, subdivided classifications investigate typical and new applications for smart homes, gas sensing, human monitoring, robotics, transportation, blue energy, aircraft, and aerospace. Lastly, the prospects of smart cities in the 5G era are discussed and summarized, along with research and application directions that have emerged.
Highlights
In the past few decades, the electronic devices distributed in our daily life have received enormous change along with the evolution of sensing technology
(Figure 2e) [152], a self-powered watch with the energy captured by triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic generator (EMG) from human motions (Figure 2f) [153], a multi-functional armband based on TENG with grid-patterned electrodes for wireless communication and vehicle manipulation (Figure 2g) [154], a self-powered air filter applied in the mask (Figure 2h) [155], and a self-powered mechanosensation communication system based on TENG utilizing the eye motions (Figure 2i) [156], a sweat-based hybrid textile devices with biochemical energy harvesting from sweat and energy storage (Figure 2j) [157], a wearable perovskite solar cell for scavenging infrared energy from light (Figure 2k) [158], and a hybridized thermo-triboelectric generator for utilizing both mechanical energy and thermal energy from body motions and body heat (Figure 2l) [159]
That system consists of a sliding block-rail piezoelectric generator (S-PEG) and lower-limb motion sensing with a ratchet-based triboelectric nanogenerator (R-TENG)
Summary
In the past few decades, the electronic devices distributed in our daily life have received enormous change along with the evolution of sensing technology. The fiber-based textile PENG has been continuously optimized: introducing traditional fibers with PENG fibers to improve wearability and avoid short circuits [106], fabricated through other materials such as BaTiO3 to enhance output performance [107], applying new structures such as the 3D textile PENG to enlarge deformation and increase output [108], etc As another promising technology for biomechanical energy harvesting, The TENG works based on the triboelectric effect, which is a coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction caused by the potential difference of two materials [109,110,111,112]. Typical and new applications focused on smart home, gas sensing, human monitoring, robotics, transportation, blue energy, aircraft, and aerospace, are discussed to provide an overall prospect of smart cities
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