Abstract
Zeolites with their unique properties find applications in various fields, including medicine, agronomy, ecology, production of detergents and drying agents, and in a number of industrial processes. Among zeolites, mordenite is particularly widespread because of its high silica/alumina ratio, which allows it to resist exposure to high temperatures and to acidic gases and liquids. Mordenite is commercially available as a natural mineral and as a synthesized material. This zeolite is mostly used in its synthetic form as an acid catalyst in the petrochemical industry for the isomerization of alkanes and aromatics. In this review, we consider the scientific literature on the structure, synthesis, and two main types of modifications that solve the diffusion difficulties during catalytic processes. The first type of modifications is related to a reduction of the size of the mordenite crystals obtained to submicron or nanometric range, whereas the second ones aim to obtain hierarchical mordenite samples by appropriate post-synthetic treatments. Both types of modifications find many other applications besides solving diffusion constraints in catalytic processes. Attempts to fine-tune and control the particle size in the first type of modifications or the pore size in the second ones by adjusting various parameters during the synthesis are described.
Highlights
The first type of modifications is related to a reduction of the size of the mordenite crystals obtained to submicron or nanometric range, whereas the second ones aim to obtain hierarchical mordenite samples by appropriate post-synthetic treatments
The presence of aluminum atoms in zeolite structure determines the existence of negative skeleton charge, which could be compensated by numerous cations of alkali and alkaline earth metals or by some organic cations
The synthesis, modification, characterization, and application of mordenite are subjects of increasing research interest. It is a zeolite of special importance due to its thermal and acid stability as well as strong acidity, which demonstrates why mordenite is widely industrially employed in various processes including alkylations, isomerizations, dehydrations, and aminations
Summary
They possess right ordered structure containing one-, two-, or three-dimensional cavities and channels with sizes up to 2 nm through which a large number of molecules can pass. The. Despite the relatively large pores of mordenite, their size is often a drawback when reason is the high thermal and acidity stability in combination with a large channel system. There are two approaches to overcome this disadvantage and the dimensions of the molecules subjected to transformations on the zeolites or that of the to provide improved diffusion of molecules—one is the synthesis of nanosized zeolite, the resulting products are large. Structure, characterizations, and applications of mordenite with on a foThe modifications, goal of the present review is to summarize and systematize the data the cus on various approaches for modifications that solve the diffusion problems. Hierarchical mordenite are discussed and their applications in the field of catalysis are presented
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