Abstract
With a rapid improvement of smartphone hardware and software, especially complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras, many optical biosensors based on smartphone platforms have been presented, which have pushed the development of the point-of-care testing (POCT). Imaging-based and spectrometry-based detection techniques have been widely explored via different approaches. Combined with the smartphone, imaging-based and spectrometry-based methods are currently used to investigate a wide range of molecular properties in chemical and biological science for biosensing and diagnostics. Imaging techniques based on smartphone-based microscopes are utilized to capture microscale analysts, while spectrometry-based techniques are used to probe reactions or changes of molecules. Here, we critically review the most recent progress in imaging-based and spectrometry-based smartphone-integrated platforms that have been developed for chemical experiments and biological diagnosis. We focus on the analytical performance and the complexity for implementation of the platforms.
Highlights
With significant improvement of hardware and software, smartphones, which are convenient and as powerful as computers, have become necessary for everyone
Panel 5: (a) An optical image of a urine strip consisting of 12 paper-based sensors in array; (b,c) The mono-color template using to estimate the position of each sensor array; (d) Image resulting from the automatic recognition; (e) Images of a urine strip under different light condition, from up to down: indoor fluorescent light, outdoor sunlight and indoor low light intensity conditions; (f) The blue color profiles of the black and white background were measured in the dotted red rectangle in (a,g)
This review has presented a summary of smartphone-biosensor platforms based on optical theory such as imaging, absorbance, reflectance, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which could be roughly classified into: (1) Image biosensors (chemiluminescence (CL), gray-scale-valuation (GSV), red-green-blue (RGB), hue-saturation-value (HSV)), which used integrated cameras for taking the picture of results and through the APP to analyze it or get other optical information; (2) Spectrum biosensors (surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), photonic crystal (PC)) integrated with smartphone or microfluidic chip, which are optical detection methods for quantifying bio-molecular interactions with the help of the optical properties of nanostructures
Summary
With significant improvement of hardware and software, smartphones, which are convenient and as powerful as computers, have become necessary for everyone. Smartphones have been widely used in biosensing assays, acting as detectors, data processors, and even signal inducers with an additional custom designed cradle or attachment which was used to mount other small optical or other components [1,2,3,4]. They were potentially more accessible and cheaper than portable analytical laboratory devices in routine clinical tests, where they has been increasing interest in using smartphones to detect analytes of clinical interest. We would classify the recent smartphone-based biosensing researches by the imaging and spectrometry functions of smartphones, and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the assays performed by different groups in recent work
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