Abstract
Hydrogen is readily obtained from renewable and non‐renewable resources via water splitting by using thermal, electrical, photonic and biochemical energy. The major hydrogen production is generated from thermal energy through steam reforming/gasification of fossil fuel. As the commonly used non‐renewable resources will be depleted in the long run, there is great demand to utilize renewable energy resources for hydrogen production. Most of the renewable resources may be used to produce electricity for driving water splitting while challenges remain to improve cost‐effectiveness. As the most abundant energy resource, the direct conversion of solar energy to hydrogen is considered the most sustainable energy production method without causing pollutions to the environment. In overall, this review briefly summarizes thermolytic, electrolytic, photolytic and biolytic water splitting. It highlights photonic and electrical driven water splitting together with photovoltaic‐integrated solar‐driven water electrolysis.
Highlights
As compared to hollow nanospheres and nanorods, solid nanospheres are beneficial to suppress the recombination of electrons and holes, which can quickly migrate to the reaction sites on surface to react with water and sacrificial agents for improving photocatalytic activity.[103e]. Jiang et al demonstrated that CdS nanowires with higher crystallinity showed higher rate of photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation.[103c]. Xu et al reported ultrathin CdS nanosheets
Besides the commonly used steam reforming of natural gas, water splitting appears to be a very promising solution to produce hydrogen in the pursuit of carbon-free and environmentally friendly energy
In the trend of recent research, there is a greater focus on solar energy driven hydrogen production
Summary
There is an increased focus which will account for more than doubled energy consump- on photonic energy driven hydrogen production. Thermal and electrical energy are the major non-renewable energy for hydrogen production, which are dominantly produced by burning of fossil fuel. Han Department of Biomedical Engineering fossil fuel will become scarce and expensive within lifetimes of humans, there will be an inevitable transition to renewable energy resources, which can generate thermal, electrical, photonic and biochemical energy for hydrogen production. Teo School of Material Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 639798 zation of thermal, electrical, photonic and biochemical energy. Www.advancedscience.com www.advancedsciencenews.com timely review to summarize various renewable hydrogen production routes and deliberate more on photovoltaic-integrated solar driven water electrolysis
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