Abstract

This article reviews recent progress made in the development of electrochemical glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) sensors for the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Electrochemical HbA1c sensors are divided into two categories based on the detection protocol of the sensors. The first type of sensor directly detects HbA1c by binding HbA1c on the surface of an electrode through bio-affinity of antibody and boronic acids, followed by an appropriate mode of signal transduction. In the second type of sensor, HbA1c is indirectly determined by detecting a digestion product of HbA1c, fructosyl valine (FV). Thus, the former sensors rely on the selective binding of HbA1c to the surface of the electrodes followed by electrochemical signaling in amperometric, voltammetric, impedometric, or potentiometric mode. Redox active markers, such as ferrocene derivatives and ferricyanide/ferrocyanide ions, are often used for electrochemical signaling. For the latter sensors, HbA1c must be digested in advance by proteolytic enzymes to produce the FV fragment. FV is electrochemically detected through catalytic oxidation by fructosyl amine oxidase or by selective binding to imprinted polymers. The performance characteristics of HbA1c sensors are discussed in relation to their use in the diagnosis and control of diabetic mellitus.

Highlights

  • IntroductionThe development of electrochemical glucose sensors is a key subject in the field of biosensors [1,2,3]

  • The development of electrochemical glucose sensors is a key subject in the field of biosensors [1,2,3].Most glucose sensors consist of metal or carbon electrodes modified with glucose oxidase (GOx), which catalyzes the oxidation of glucose on the surface of the electrode

  • This review focuses on recent progress made in the development of electrochemical HbA1c sensors

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Summary

Introduction

The development of electrochemical glucose sensors is a key subject in the field of biosensors [1,2,3]. A variety of techniques, including liquid chromatography [11,12], electrophoresis [13,14], affinity and ion-exchange chromatography [15,16], immunoassay [17,18], and spectrophotometry [19,20], are currently available for determining HbA1c levels These techniques can provide accurate determination of HbA1c in clinical laboratories, they require expensive equipment and sometimes experienced operators. This review focuses on recent progress made in the development of electrochemical HbA1c sensors These sensors are divided into two categories based on the modes of detection: direct detection of HbA1c by modified electrodes, or detection of the glycated amino acid fragment, fructosyl valine (FV), after proteolytic digestion of. We begin with an overview of HbA1c sensors using the direct detection mode

Sensors for Direct Detection of HbA1c
Potentiometric Sensors
Impedometric Sensors
Miscellaneous Sensors
Sensors for Indirect HbA1c Determination
Enzyme Sensors
MIP-Based Sensors
Findings
Conclusions
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