Abstract
Among the vast variety of plant-derived phytochemicals, the group of carotenoids has continuously been investigated in order to optimize their potential application in the area of dietary intervention related to chronic diseases. One organ that has been especially targeted in many of these studies and clinical trials is the human prostate. Without doubt, carotenoids (and their endogenous derivatives—retinoids and apo-carotenoids) are involved in a plethora of intra- and intercellular signaling, cell growth, and differentiation of prostate tissue. Due to the accumulation of new data on the role of different carotenoids, such as lycopene (LYC) and β-carotene (BC), in prostatic physiology and pathology, the present review aimed to cover the past ten years of research in this regard. Data from experimental studies are presented in the first part of the review, while epidemiological studies are disclosed in this second part. The objective of this compilation was to emphasize the present state of knowledge about the most potent molecular targets of carotenoids, as well as to propose promising carotenoid agents for the prevention and possible treatment of prostatic diseases.
Highlights
This second part of the review is focused on the latest research in the field of associations of carotenoid intake and/or circulatory concentrations related to the incidence of malignancy of the most important pathology of prostate—prostate cancer (PC)
The main concern was that all participants were healthcare professionals and, might not be a representative group of the whole community
Results, it could be theoretically possible to overestimate the influence of LYC, assuming there are other protective agents in food, such as dietary fiber, polyphenols, vitamin E, or other
Summary
In the first part of the review [1], we covered the main directions of current investigations targeting the molecular basis of carotenoid actions, summarizing the results of ongoing research in the field. This second part of the review is focused on the latest research in the field of associations of carotenoid intake and/or circulatory concentrations related to the incidence of malignancy of the most important pathology of prostate—prostate cancer (PC). In 2018, there were 1,276,106 new cases diagnosed around the globe, which accounted for 7.1% of total cancer incidence in men
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