Recent Progress in Applicability of Exercise Immunology and Inflammation Research to Sports Nutrition.

Katsuhiko Suzuki

doi:10.3390/nu13124299

Abstract

This article focuses on how nutrition may help prevent and/or assist with recovery from the harmful effects of strenuous acute exercise and physical training (decreased immunity, organ injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fatigue), with a focus on nutritional supplements. First, the effects of ketogenic diets on metabolism and inflammation are considered. Second, the effects of various supplements on immune function are discussed, including antioxidant defense modulators (vitamin C, sulforaphane, taheebo), and inflammation reducers (colostrum and hyperimmunized milk). Third, how 3-hydroxy-3-methyl butyrate monohydrate (HMB) may offset muscle damage is reviewed. Fourth and finally, the relationship between exercise, nutrition and COVID-19 infection is briefly mentioned. While additional verification of the safety and efficacy of these supplements is still necessary, current evidence suggests that these supplements have potential applications for health promotion and disease prevention among athletes and more diverse populations.

Highlights

Immunity is a biological defense mechanism that attempts to maintain homeostasis by eliminating foreign bodies, such as microorganisms, abnormal substances, waste products, and diseased cells in the body
We have reported for more than 20 years that neutrophils and macrophages are involved in muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress caused by intensive exercise [7,91,92,93,94,95,96,97]
We have found that such antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses can be partially induced by functional foods such as curcumin [97,98,99,100], and we believe that measures targeting inflammation control are important to prevent muscle function deterioration and fatigue caused by intense exercise, and we are working on the selection of candidate substances and analysis of the mechanisms such as nuclear factor E2 factor-related factor (Nrf2) [7,13,78,79,80]

Summary

Introduction

Immunity is a biological defense mechanism that attempts to maintain homeostasis by eliminating foreign bodies, such as microorganisms, abnormal substances, waste products, and diseased cells in the body. IL-6 levels increased by more times following marathon races exercise [2,36,37,48], To summarize, a KD maythan exert100 its positive influence, full including enhancing butcapacity, decreased longer endurance exercises, such as ironman triathlon races [42,43,44], andinalleviating exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, whereas it and even downregulated by long-term training is employed to suitable situations, for instance, low-to-moderate-intensity sports. We have found that such antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses can be partially induced by functional foods such as curcumin [97,98,99,100], and we believe that measures targeting inflammation control are important to prevent muscle function deterioration and fatigue caused by intense exercise, and we are working on the selection of candidate substances and analysis of the mechanisms such as Nrf2 [7,13,78,79,80]. They eventually concluded that OS markers, such as 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO), increased in these bodybuilders, which were associated with inflammation [107]

Exercise and Nutrition under the Spread of COVID-19 Infection and Consequent

Findings

Conclusions